Lutron

 

ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® °áÇÔŽÁö V-Meter MK IV¢â

* ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ±â°ø, °áÇÔ°ËÃâ
* Å©·¢±íÀÌ
* 24 ~ 500 kHz
* ASTM C-597

V-Meter MK IV¢â

ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®, ¸ñÀç, ¼®Á¶¹°, ¼¼¶ó¹Í graphite µî°ú °°ÀÌ °áÀÌ °ÅÄ£ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ±âº» Ư¼ºÀ» Á¤¹ÐÇÏ°Ô È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ Å×½ºÆ® Àåºñ

Operator Reviewing V-Meter MK IV Data

V-Meter MK IV¢â evaluating a round Column

V-Meter MK IV¢â Data ¸¦ °ËÅäÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÚ

V-Meter MK IV¢â ·Î  ¿øÇü ±âµÕ ÃøÁ¤


 

 Á¦Ç°ÀÀ¿ëºÐ¾ß

 * ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ³»ºÎÀÇ Honey Combs ¹× ±â°ø À§Ä¡ ÆľÇ

 * ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®, ¼¼¶ó¹Í, ¼®Á¶¹° ¶Ç´Â ¼®Àç  ³»ºÎÀÇ ±Õ¿­(crack) À§Ä¡ ÆľÇ

 * ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ¶Ç´Â ¼®Á¶¹°ÀÇ  È­Àç ¼Õ»ó¹üÀ§ ÆÇ´Ü

 * ±Õ¿­ (Crack)  ±íÀÌ ÆÇ´Ü

 * º°¸Å ¿É¼Ç  Shear Wave Transducers ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿µ·ü (Young's Modulus) ÆÇ´Ü

 * ½âÀº ¸ñÀçÀÇ Hidden Areas Ž»ö

 


 

 Á¦Ç°Æ¯Â¡

* Àåºñ´Â transit timeÀ» Á÷Á¢ µðÁöÅзÎÆǵ¶Çϸç ÆÄÇü (wave form)À» LCD¿¡ Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.  

* Æ°Æ°ÇÏ°í »ýÈ° ¹æ¼ö°¡ µÇ´Â °¡º±°í Æ°Æ°ÇÑ ÈÞ´ë¿ë °¡¹æÀ¸·Î ÈÞ´ë°¡ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ¸ç  °Ç¼³ÇöÀå¿¡¼­µµ Àåºñ°¡ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô º¸È£ÇϸçÃæÀü

  ¹èÅ͸®¿Í Ç¥ÁØ AC ÃæÀü±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.

* signal and trigger output ·Î ¿ÜºÎ oscilliscope ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ÀÔ·ÂÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

* µðÁöÅÐ ±³Á¤À¸·Î special bar°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Trigger levels ¹× Signal amplification ´Â µðÁöÅÐ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¶Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

* ASTM C-597, BS 1881-203 µîÀÇ ±¹Á¦ Ç¥ÁØ¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÔ

* USB ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º·Î ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿Í ¿¬µ¿ÇÏ¿©  Velocilinx¢â ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ÅëÇØ  ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àüü¸¦ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ ÇÏ¸ç µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î

  Àü¼ÛÇÏ°í ºÐ¼® ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

* °è»êµÈ  P-wave velocity ¹× S-wave velocity ¸¦ ¹Ù·Î ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç º°¸Å ¿É¼Ç S-Wave Transducers¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹°ÁúÀÇ

  Åº¼º°è¼ö(modulud elasticity) ¸¦  °è»ê ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í Ǫ¾Æ¼Ûºñ(Poisson's ratio)¸¦ ¹Ù·Î ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

* Å« range ÀÇ ¾Ç¼¼¼­¸®¿Í Ultrasonic Transducers ¸¦ ¼±Åà ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.   

* 24KHz to 500 KHz ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ Æ®·»½ºµà¼­´Â ¼¼¶ó¹Í,   graphite, mass concrete pores, ¸ñÀç ¸¦ Å×½ºÆ® ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

* °ÅÄ£ Ç¥¸é¿ëÀÇ Exponential Transducers ¹× ¼öÁß Æ®·»½ºµà¼­µµ °ø±Þ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

* Àü¼Û °Å¸®°¡ ¸Ö°Å³ª ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ °¨¼è°¡ ½ÉÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ÃøÁ¤À» µµ¿ÍÁÖ´Â Pre-Amplifier µµ º°µµ·Î °ø±Þ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

 


 

 Á¦Ç°¼Ò°³

Concrete ÃøÁ¤
* V-Meter MK IV¢â ´Â ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® °Ë»ç ¹× Ç°Áú°ü¸®¿¡ Æø³Ð°Ô È°¿ëµÇ´Â ÀåºñÀÌ´Ù.  

* Àüü ±¸Á¶¹°À» ºñÆı« °Ë»ç ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î  ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® °­µµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ ÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÁØ°­µµ¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬°ü¼ºÀ» ÃøÁ¤ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  

* ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ³»ºÎÀÇ ³»ºÎ°ø±Ø(honeycombs), ±¸¸Û(void), µ¿°áµÈ ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®, Å©·¢¹×  ºñ±ÕÁú¼º À» È®ÀÎ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

* ³°Àº ±¸Á¶¹°, ½½·¡ºê, ±âµÕ, º®Ã¤, È­Àç·Î ¼Õ»óµÈ ±¸¿ª, ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü ±¸Á¶¹°, ÆÄÀÌÇÁ, Á¶¸³½Ä°Ç¹°, pre-stressed beam,

  ½Ç¸°´õ ¹× ±âŸ ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ±¸Á¶¹°¿¡ Àû¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹üÀ§ÀÇ Å½ÃËÀÚ (transducer)¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÑ´Ù

 

¸ñÀç(Wood) ÃøÁ¤¿¹

V-Meter Used on Wood Direct Mode

V-Meter Used on Wood Direct Mode

Direct Mode ·Î ¸ñÀç ÃøÁ¤

Direct Mode Åä¸ñÀç ÃøÁ¤e

 

V-Meter MK IV¢â, Àåºñ·Î ¸ñÀçÀÇ ¿ËÀÌ,  shakes, splits, °á¹æÇâ (grain orientation),  windfall crack ¹× ½âÀººÎÀ§ÀÇ Á¸Àç¿©ºÎ¸¦ ºñÆı« ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ °Ë»ç¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù

 * ź¼º°è¼ö(modulus of elasticity) ¹×  ¹Ðµµ( density) °°Àº ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÆĶó¸ÞÅ͸¦ °è»êÇس½´Ù.

 * Àü½ÅÁÖ  ¹× ±¸Á¶¹°ÀÇ ÇöÀå Å×½ºÆ® ¹× Á¦Á¶°øÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ µî±Þ, ºñ»ó ¼Ò¹æ»ç´Ù¸® °Ë»ç, ¶ó¹Ì³×ÀÌÆà °Ë»ç ¹× Á¾ÀÌ·Ñ ¹Ðµµ °Ë»ç µî¿¡ ÀÀ¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 * °íÇü¹°À» Åõ°úÇÏ´Â ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ¿¡³ÊÁö ÆÞ½ºÀÇ ¼ÓµµÀº ¹°Ã¼ÀÇ ¹Ðµµ¿Í ź¼º(elastic properties of the material) ¿¡ ¿¬°üÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÆÞ½º¼Óµµ´Â ¹Ðµµ¿Í

     Åº¼ºÀ» ÃøÁ¤ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  

 * ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®, »õ¶ó¹Í ¶Ç´Â ¸ñÀç ¿Í °°ÀÌ Ç¥¸éÀÌ °ÅÄ£ ¹°Ã¼¸¦ Åõ°úÇÏ´Â ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ¿¡³ÊÁö Àü¼ÛÀº .¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀåÀÌ °¡Àå Å« ¾Ë°»ÀÌ (grained particle) Á÷°æ

    º¸´Ù Å©¾ßÇÑ´Ù.   ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¸ðµç ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¾Ë°»ÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÇâµÇ¾î ¼ö½ÅºÎ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.  

 * ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î  ¸ñÀç °Ë»ç¿¡´Â 54 KHZ Æ®·£½ºµà¼­°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç ½ÅÈ£ÀÌ ÆÄÀåÀº ¾à 75mmÀ̸ç ÃÖÀûÀÇ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÀÛÀº ¹°Áú(finer material)Àϼö·Ï

    ³ôÀº ÁÖÆļö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

¼¼¶ó¹Í(Ceramics) ÃøÁ¤¿¹

V-Meter with Ceramic Materials

V-Meter MK IV¢â ·Î Ceramic Sample ÃøÁ¤

 

V-Meter MK IV¢â  ´Â  ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼¶ô¹ÍÁ¦Ç° (ŸÀÏ, ³»È­º®µ¹, º®µ¹,  °í¿Â°¡¸¶¿ë ºÎÇ°) ¹× ±×¶óÆÄÀÌÆ® Á¦Ç°¿¡ Àû¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 * Á¡Â÷ ´Ã¾î°¡´Â ³»È­ ¹× ¼¼¶ó¹Í ÀÀ¿ëºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ ÆÞ½º velocity Å×½ºÅÍ ±â¼úÀº ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î È°¿ë µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.  

 * ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ ÆÞ½º velocity °Ë»ç´Â »ý»ê°øÁ¤À» Çâ»ó ÇÏ°í  Á¦Ç°ÀÇ Ç°Áú Çâ»óÀ»  °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ°í ½ºÅ©·¦°ú ºÒ·®À²À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î

   ½Ã°£°ú ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨ÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù.


 

 Á¦Ç° ±â¼úÀÚ·á

Àåºñ´Â µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ´Â 320 x 240 Çȼ¿ÀÇ ¹é¶óÀÌÆ® ±â´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ÁÖ°£ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ß°£¿¡µµ ¼±¸íÇÑ È­¸éÀ» Á¦°øÇϹǷΠÇöÀå¿¡¼­  ¼Õ½±°í ºü¸£°Ô »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç  

½ÅÈ£´Â Àåºñ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î È­¸é¿¡¼­ ¸®ºäÇϰųª ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î Àü¼ÛÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.  

 

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î  ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® °Ë»ç¿¡´Â 54 KHZ Æ®·£½ºµà¼­°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.  ½ÅÈ£ÀÌ ÆÄÀåÀº ¾à 75mmÀ̸ç ÃÖÀûÀÇ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÀÛÀº ¹°Áú(finer material)Àϼö·Ï ³ôÀº

ÁÖÆļö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

    * ±âº» V-Meter MK IV¢â Àåºñ¿¡´Â ¼Û½Å±â ( transmitter ) ¿Í  ¼ö½Å±â (receiver) ¹× Á¤¹ÐÇÑ °í¼Ó ÀüÀڽð谡 Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¼Û½Å±â´Â ŽÃËÀÚ(transducer)·Î

      Àü¼ÛµÇ´Â Àü±âÀû ÆÞ½º¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°¸ç Àü±âÀû¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ ±â°èÁøµ¿ÀÇ ÆÞ½º·Î ÀüȯÇØ ÁØ´Ù .

     ÀÌ Áøµ¿Àº Æ®·£½ºµà¼­¸¦ Á¢ÃËÇÏ¿© Å×½ºÆ® ÇÏ´Â ½Ã·á¿Í ¿¬µ¿µÇ¸ç ½Ã·áÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ¼ö½ÅºÎÀÇ Æ®·£¼­µà¼­¸¦ ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î Á¢ÃËÇÑ´Ù.

     Àü¼ÛµÈ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ÆÞ½º´Â °í¼Ó½Ã°è¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¸ç ¼ö½Å Æ®·»½ºµà¼­¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ Ã¹¹ø° ¿¡³ÊÁöÆÄ´Â Àü±âÀû ½ÅÈ£·Î º¯È¯µÇ¾î ½Ã°èÀ» off ÇÑ´Ù.

     °æ°ú½Ã°£(elapse time)Àº 0.1 microsecond (õ¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1ÃÊ) ´ÜÀ§·Î  LCD¿¡ Ç¥½ÃµÇ¸ç ´ÜÀ§ ¶ÇÇÑ °á°ú ÆÄÇü (result waveform)¿¡ Ç¥½ÃµÇ°í ÀúÀå

     µÇ¹Ç·Î ¿î¿µÀÚÀÇ ÃøÁ¤¹°ÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¢ÃËÀ» µµ¿ÍÁØ´Ù.

 


V-Metr MK IV showing Waveform

V-Meter MK IV

V-Meter MK IV Standard Transducers

V-Meter MK IV¢â ¿¡¼­ 

°æ°ú½Ã°£À» º¸¿©ÁÜ

V-Meter MK IV¢â ¿¡¼­ ÆÄÇüÀ» º¸¿©ÁÜ

V-Meter MK IV ÀÇ 54KHz 

Ç¥ÁØ Æ®·»½ºµà¼­

 

V-Meter MK IV¢â ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ Æ®·»½ºµà¼­´Â ½ºÅ×Àθ®½º ÀçÁú·Î 54 KHz high Q resonant frequency ¸¦ ¹æÃâÇÑ´Ù..

Ä¿³ØÅÍ´Â ÃøÁ¤Ç¥¸é°úÀÇ ¿øÈ°ÇÑ Á¢ÃË°ú ÃøÁ¤ ÆíÀǼºÀ» À§ÇØ Ç¥¸é°ú 90¡Æ ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÃøÁ¤°ªÀ» ÀдÂÁß¿¡ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÀúÀåÇϱâ À§ÇØ

¼ö½Å±â¿¡ Ǫ½¬¹öÆ°°ú Ư¼öÄÉÀ̺íÀÌ Ãß°¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.  µ¥ÀÌŸ´Â  Velocilinx¢â software ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ¾÷·Îµå ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¼ö½Å±â¿Í  Ç¥ÁØ µ¿ÃàÄÉÀ̺íÀÇ ¿¬°áÀ» À§ÇÑ ¾Æ´äŸ°¡ °ø±ÞµÈ´Ù.

 

Ultrasonic transducers ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á÷Á¢(Direct) ¹ÝÁ÷Á¢(Semi-direct) ¹× °£Á¢(indirect mode) ÀÇ 3°¡Áö ÇüÅÂÁßÀÇ ÇÑ°¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 

 * Á÷Á¢ (Direct) ¹æ½ÄÀº ¼ö½Å Æ®·»½ºµà¼­°¡ Àü¼ÛµÈ ÆÞ½ºÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼ö½ÅÇϹǷΠ°¡Àå ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.

   Æ®·»½ºµà¼­¿¡¼­ Àü¼Û µÇ´Â longitudinal pulses ´Â ÁÖ·Î Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ Ç¥¸éÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÇ¹Ç·Î À̵¿½Ã°£Àº ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®ÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í µÎ²²ÀÇ

   ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

 * ¹Ý Á÷Á¢ (Semi-direct) Àü¼ÛÀº Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ÀÇ ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ ¸é¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàµÇ¸ç µÎ¹ø°·Î ¼±È£µÇ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. 

 * °£Á¢ (In-Direct) ¹æ½ÄÀº ¼±È£µµ°¡ ³·Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Æ®·£½ºµà¼­°¡ °°Àº ¸é¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¸éÀÌ ÃøÁ¤¹°¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸

   »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.   °°Àº °æ·Î±æÀÌ ¿¡¼­ ¼ö½ÅÇÏ´Â ½ÅÈ£°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¹æ½ÄÀ» »ç¿ë ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ 2% Á¤µµ ¹Û¿¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

   °£Á¢ ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­ Àü´ÜÆÄ(shear waves)ÀÇ Å×½ºÆ®´Â Å×½ºÆ®Çϴ ¹°Ã¼ÀÇ °°Àº ¸é¿¡  µÎ°³ÀÇ Æ®·£½ºµà¼­¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 


Transducers Used In Direct Mode

Transducers used in Semi-Direct Mode

Transducers used in Indirect Mode

Á÷Á¢¸ðµå(Direct Mode)ÀÇ

Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ »ç¿ë

T¹ÝÁ÷Á¢ ¸ðµå(Semi-Direct Mode)ÀÇ

Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ »ç¿ë

¹ÝÁ÷Á¢ ¸ðµå(Semi-Direct Mode)ÀÇ

Æ®·»½ºµà¼­ »ç¿ë

 


 Á¦Ç°»ç¾ç

 Frequency range:

 24 to 500 kHz, based on transducers selected.

 Receiver sensitivity:

 250 micro volts, between 30 kHz and 100 kHz.

 Receiver input impedance:

 approximately 100 k Ohms.

 Transit time measurement:

 0.1 to 6553.5 microseconds, direct digital display.

 Measurement accuracy:

 0.1 microseconds.

 Transmitter output:

 pulse 1000/500V, 2 microseconds.

 Transmitter pulse group rate:

 selectable 1, 3 or 10.

 Gain Selection:

 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500

 Battery:

 14 Volt. 4-10 hours continuous use (Lithium Ion).

 Display:

 320 by 240; backlit for daylight use.

 Storage:

 1800 plus readings

 Software:

 Windows XP compatible.

 Temperature:

 0¡Æ - 50¡ÆC

 Instr. Weight:

 6 lbs. (2.75 Kg)

 Ship Weight:

 17 lbs. (7.7 Kg)

 Dimensions:

 4.5" x 8.5" x 10.5"
 (114.3mm x 223.5mm x 267mm)



 

 Á¦Ç°±Ô°Ý

* ASTM C-597 - "Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete"

* BS EN 12504 - 4:2004 ( Formerly BS 1881-203 ) "Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity"

* ASTM D2845 - 08 "Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock"

* ASTM E494 - 10 "Standard Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials"

* ACI 228.2 R "Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures"

* ISO1920-7 : 2004 "Testing of Concrete -. Part 7:Non-Destructive Tests on Hardened Concrete"

* IS13311 Part 1: "Non - Destructive Testing of Concrete Methods of Test Part 1 - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity"


 Á¦Ç° Sales Numbers

* V-C-400 : V-Meter MK IV Complete System (includes two 54 KHz Transducers and Velocilinx Software)

* V-C-401 : V-Meter MK IV System w/o Software (includes two 54 KHz Transducers)

* V-C-402 : V-Meter MK IV Basic System (includes Velocilinx Software, but no Transducers)

* V-C-403 : V-Meter MK IV Basic System w/o Software(no software, no Transducers)